Thermionic radiation counter



i-.Milliamperes Aug. 20, 1963 s. RUBY ET AL 3,101,410

THERMIONIC RADIATION COUNTER Filed Aug. zo. 1958 Fg.5. 54 AFig.6.

INVENTORS Stanley L` Ruby,

Kuon Hon Sun 8\ Ted Fohrner.

B l-Neutrons/CmZSec ATTORNEY United States Patent O 3,10L410 'IHERMINIC RADEATIN CQUNTER Stanley L. Ruby, Glenshaw, Karan-han Sun, Pittsburgh,

and Ted Fahr-ner, Whitehall Borough, Pa., assignors to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh,

Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Filed Aug. 20, 1958, Ser. No. 756,238

18 Claims. (Cl. Z50-83.1)

The present invention relates to electric discharge devices `and, more particularly, relates to a thermionic detector for neutrons.

Neutrons are difficult to detect and measure, because they are subatomic particles possessing no electric charge. For this reason, a conventional ionization chamber, such as a Geiger-Mueller counter, cannot be used, for the neutrons passing through the counter do not ionize the gaseous filling contained therein. Accordingly, it is necessary to insert some material within the ionization chamber, which material is capable of reacting with the neutrons to produce either charged particles or emission of ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light, then, is measured by conveutional photoelectric devices. On the other hand, the charged particles when produced, ionize the gaseous lilling contained within the ionization chamber.

The neutronic detector of the invention, however, is made sensitive to thermal or fast neutrons depending upon the Aneutron-reactive materials employed wtihout the use of a gaseous iilling. As a result the structure of the counter is simplified, and in lthose applications wherein size is important the dimension of the detector can be reduced considerably.

Known types of neutronic and other radiation counters frequently have outputs .involving minute pulses or currents whichmust be amplified greatly before an adequate reading or measurement of the detector output can be made. Accordingly, these counters require the use of complicated external circuitry for their operation. In the case of conventional counters utilizing ionization chambers the electrodes thereof must be maintained at a considerable potential difference to ensure collection of the ions produced or resulting from the impinging radia` tion. The detector of the present invention, however, is arranged for operation at a relatively low potential.

Neutronic detectors frequently are employed adjacent a source of neutrons, which usually involves gamma and other background radiation. The neutronic detector, then, must be relatively insensitive to the background radiation in order to obtain an accurate reading of the neutronic flux. When employed in this manner, the de'- tector may be exposed to elevated temperatures and to extremely dense neutronic flux. The detector contemplated by the invention is fabricated from materials having a relatively low neutronic capture cross section; as a result, the structural materials of the detector do not readily deteriorate in a high ilux area, and moreover, their inducedactivity is negligible. 'Ilhe life of the detector is extended and its operations made more reliable. Thus, induced radioactivity in the detector 'of the invention does not interfere with handling thereof after the detector has been exposed to an environment of high neutron flux.

Desirably, then, a radi-ation detector should be capable of operating for extended periods without deterioration occasioned 'by an extremely hot and highly radioactive environment. ln certain of these applications, it is essential that the detector be resistant `to severe shock and vibrational forces, which resistance is ensured by the `invention as a result ofthe sirnplidity and ruggedness of the detector structure.

Neutronic detectors employed adjacent a source of dense neutronic ux frequently are provided with external ICC circuitry arranged to terminate, slow down, or otherwise control the neutronic source when the ilux thereof reaches a predetermined density. In one :arrangement of the invention, the neutronic detector operates as a switching means when the neutronic density reaches a predetermined level which is dependent upon the structure and materials comprising hte detector. The output of the detector can be employed for actuating suitable controlling `means without the necessity of considerable external amplification and Without the use of relatively large impressed potentials.

It is, accordingly, an object of the invention to provide a novel and eiiicient neutronic detector.

Another object of the invention is to provide lan electric discharge device adapted particularly for' detecting neutrons.

A further object of the invention is to provide an electric discharge device Whose internal electric resistance decreases rapidly at a predetermined level of neutronic flux.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel neutronic detector capable of being manufactured in a small size and with a relatively few component parts.

Another object of the invention fis the provision of a neutronic detector which is completely insensitive to gamma and other ionizing radiation associated with a source of neutrons.

A still further object of the invention is the provision of a neutronic counter capable of being operated for extended periods in a high temperature, high neutronic flux environment.

Another object of the invention is the provision of a novel switching arrangement capable of being actuated at a predetermined level of neutronic ux.

Still another object of the invention is a neutronic detector comprising `an evacuated casing and capable of `operation without the use of an ionization medium.

A still further object of the invention is the provision of `a novel and eilicientelectronic discharge device, and more tion, together with the foregoing objects, will be elaborated upon during the forthcoming description of illustrative modifications of the invention, .with the description being taken in conjunction with` the accompanying drawings, wherein: i i

FIGURE 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of one form of neutronic detector arranged `inaccordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view ot a modified form of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of still another form of the neutronic detector arranged pursuant to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a longitudinal view, `partially sectioned, of yet another disclosed arrangement lof the neutronic detector;

FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of a modilied form of the invention illustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a longitudinal view, partially sectioned, of still another form `of the neutronic detector of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram ofone form of neutron detecting contuollingcircut arrangedin accordance `with the invention and;

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating fthe operation of one form ofneutronic detector of the invention.

Referring to FIG. lof 'the drawings, thelexemplary form of `the invention shown thenein includes a ceramic or glass insulating housing 20 `which is capable of being hermetically sealed. Positioned within the housing 20 are ya pair ofl ceramic or mica insulator disks 22 and 24. A generally cylindrical anodef26 is disposed between the insulators 22 and 24 and positioned thereby by one or more tabs 28 and 30. The tabs 28 and 30l are inserted respectively through apertures 32 and 34 of the insulators 22 and 24 and are arranged to maintain the anode 26 concentrically of the housing 20. When thus assembled, longitudinal relative movement of the insulator-s 22 and -24 is prevented in one direction by the anode 26 inserted therebetween and in the other direction by the constricted end. portions 36 Aand 38 of the housing 20. If desired the tabs 28 and 30 can be bent over to lend rigidity -to the structure.

A iilamentary-type thermionic cathode 40 is mounted in spaced relation within the anode 26. In this arrangement the cathode 40 includes a filament lor wire 42 and a conventional electron emissive coating 44. The cathode 40 desirably is maintained concentrically of the anode A26 and at -one Iendl 46 thereof is secured to the insulator 24 by insertion through a V-shaped aperture 48. When thus inserted the end 46 is moved to the narrowest portion of the V-shaped aperture 48' where it is prevented from being pulled through the slot by means of a tab 50 of larger cross section than the filament 42, which tab is welded to the end 46 of the iilament.- The other end of the filament 42 is inserted freely through a central aperture `52 of the other insulator 32 and extends outwardly of the housing 20 to forman electric lead 54 for the cathode 40.

Desirably the cathode 40 is maintained under tension, throughout at least the length Vthereof which is disposed within the anode 26, to prevent sagging when the cathode is hearted. This is accomplished in aconventional manner, by a leaf spring member 56 which is secured to `the adjacent insulator 22 by means of its bracket 58, part of which is passed through aperture 60 of the insulator. The free end 62 of the spring member 56 is bent as shown in FIG. 1 and welded to the adjacent portion of the filament 42. A bend 64 is formed in the filament 42 between the spring l member 612 andthe point 66 whereat the filament is hermetically sealed to the housing 20. This bend 64 permits differential expansion yof the various components of the detector without imparting undue stress to the filament. Electric contact is made to the anode 26 by another lead or conductor 68 which extends outwardly through the opposite constricted end 38 of the housing 20 and is hermetically sealed thereto as denoted by the reference character 70. The lead 68 is attached to the adjacent `tab 30 of the anode 26 as by spot welding.

In the event that the housing 20 is fabricated from glass, the'electrical leads 54 and 68 can be provided with relatively short lengths of copper 72 which, when Vfree of contaminating surface oxides, can be hermetically sealed readily to the housing 20 at the pinched end portions 66 and 70thereof. lin order to minimize .the induced activity ofthe housing, the latter may be fabricated from quartz or substantially pure silicon dioxide which does not readily absorb thermal neutrons. Silicon, of course, has a neutron capture cross section of 0.13 barn, while oxygen has a cross section of iess than 0.0002. The housing 20 also can be fabricated from a ceramic material such as aluminum oxide, where induced activity desirably is minimized, inasmuchsas aluminum has a cross section of 0.23. In the latter case, the sealing portion 72 of the leads 54 and 68 should be Ifabricated from Kovar which is an alloy of 29% Ni, 17% Co, .3% Mn, 53.7% Fe'. The balance of the leads 54 and 68 can be fabricated form nickel, nickel plated steel or other corrosion-resistant material. In those applications where extremely high temperatures are not employed and where induced activity must be kept to a minimum for handling purposes, the leads 54 and 68 and other metallic portions of the neutronic detect, excepting the cathode 40, can be fabricated from aluminum. Where temperature resistance is important, as where the 4 cathode 40 remains heated for extended periods of time or where the environment of the detector is at an elevated temperature, the anode 26 and other metallic components, excepting the cathode 40 the formation of which is described below, can be fabricated from a more temperatureresistant material such as nickel, nickel plated steel`,black ened steel or aluminized steel. As is well-known, uncoated iron or steel components should not be employed within the housing 20 due to the tendency of the iron to poison the thermionic or electron-emissive coating 44. The insulators 22 and 24 desirably are fabricated from aluminum oxide or other ceramic material but may be fabricated from mica where low induced activity is not f a prerequisite.

In accordance wtih the invention, the thermionic coating 44 is heated by a neutron-reactive material such as one of the fissionable isotopes U235, U233, Pu239 or Pu241' or an alpha-emitting isotope described hereinafter. In this example, the fissionable material of the arrangement in FIG. l is formed into a wire 714 form-ing part of the ilament 42 and at least coextending with the thermionic coating 44.' If uranium 238 is employed itV desirably is enriched to upwards of 93 %v in the fissionable isotope U235. When the neutronic detector is introduced into an area of substantial neutronic flux, the resulting lissioning of the atoms of the U235 will furnish heat to the cathode coating v44 with the result that electrons will be emitted therefrom. The area within the housing 20 is evacuated to form a high vacuum so'that the emitted electrons will flow substantially unimpeded to the anode 26.

As stated previously, the thermionic coating 44 is conventional in nature in this example and consists of oxides of barium, strontium and calcium. In an illustrative method for manufacturing the neutronic detector, the aforesaid oxides can be applied to the cathode 40, by electrophoretic deposition, for example, in the form of corresponding carbonates. A typical quantitative mixture of carbonates employed for this purpose consists of approximately 70% barium carbonate, 25% strontium carbonate land 5% calcium carbonate. Following assembly of the detector, one of the hermetic seals 66 is completed while the other end of the housing 20 is evacuated, for example, through exhaust tubulation denoted by the dashed outline 76. During the evacuation process the cathodel 40 can be electrically heated to facilitate breaking down the carbonates to their corresponding electron-emissive oxides by connecting the cathode 40 to a suitable source of potential by means of its lead'54 and another lead 78 secured to the other end thereof and previously sealed in the adjacent wall portion of the housing 2.0.

In accordance with the present understanding of the invention, when the neutronic detector is subjected to a relatively dense neutronic flux, a number of the neutrons are captured by the ssionable isotope of the cathode 40". Through vfissioning of the atoms thus affected, a power input per unit volume of the filament is created and its temperature begins to rise. Some heat will tend to iiow longitudinally of the cathode 40 and be dissipated through its electric lead 54 and the leads 78, if employed. To minimize loss of heat in this fashion the leads 54 and 78 desirably are fabricated from small diameter wire; however, the major proportion of the heat will flow radiantly toward the relatively cooler anode 26. As the tempera-V ture of the cathode 40 continues to rise with increased neutronic ux, the cathode coating `44 is heated suiciently to expel electrons into the space between the cathode 40 and the anode 26. The space charge created in this man-v At a certain `inserted into the adjacent end of insulators 22 and 24 can be `ternal circuitry as described hereinnafter can be employed as a neutronic switch, as it were, `for actuating suitable controlling means or the like associated, for example, with the aforementioned neutronic source.

tional forces. The physical size of the detect-or of FIG. 2 lcan be greatly reduced in the event that space is at a premium.

In the arrangement of FIG. 2, a tubular anode 80 is employed which together with a pair of ceramic end members 82 and 84 comprise a housing or casing for the t neutronic detector. Each of .the end members 82 and 84 has an inwardly extending reduced portion 86 which is the anode casing 80. The anode 80is hermetically sealed at its ends to the members `82 and 84, which are fabricated from an electrically insulating material, for example, fused aluminum oxide. To aid in h-ermetic sealing, a portion of the inner surface of the yanode casing 80 at each end thereof is plated lor otherwise coated with the aforesaid Kovar alloy which can be sealed readily to `fused aluminum oxide as is well known. The Kovar coating is denoted by the reference numeral 88. 'Ihe 'anode casing 80 can be fabricated from one of the materials mentioned previously, and electrical contact is made thereto by means of a conductor 90 spot welded to the outer surface of the anode casing.

The insulating end members 1821 and 84 are furnished with a pair of aligned apertures 92 and `94, respectively, in which the ends of a central `cathode 96 are inserted and then hermetically sealed. One Iend of the cathode 96 is extended through one of the end members, for example, the member 184 for purposes of making electrical contact with the cathode 96. To facilitate hermetically sealing the ends of the cathode 96 to the end members 82 and 84, respectively, short lengths 98 of Kovar are inserted in iilamentary support 100 of the cathode 96. The cathode 96 is provided with a thermionic coating 102 extending substantially along the entire length of the anode casing `80 formed in the manner described above in connection with the coating 44(FIG. l). Also inserted in the lamentary support 100 is a length of wire 104 containing iissionable or alpha-emitting material and coextending substantially with the thermionic coating 102. The length of wire 104 is similar to the iissionable `material denoted at 74 of FIG. l, and hence will not be described further. The neutronic detector of FIG.` 2 can be made as small as four millimeters in diameter and eight millimeters in length. Accordingly, employment of the detector is extended readily to those applications wherein space is at a very great premium, such as'inthe rather narrow coolant channels of certain neutron sources.

Referring now to FIG. 3 of the dnawings in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts of FIG. `l,

a modified form of the invention is shown therein. The latter form of the invention includes the housing 20,

`the anode 26, insulators 22 and 24, and the electrical leads 54 and `68 as in FIG. l. For the filamentary-type cathode 40, however, a sleeve-type cathode 106 is substituted. The cathode 106 desirably is mounted in concentric relation within the anode 26 and comprises a sleeve 108 upon which a `thermionic coating 110 is deposited. The sleeve 108 is mounted between the insulators 22 and 24 and is positioned thereon by its tabs 1112 and 114. The tabs 112 and 114 are inserted, respectively, through apertures 116 and 118 of the insulators 22 and 24. To one of the tabs 112 the cathoderlead 54 is attached as by spot welding. If desired, `additional mounting tabs 112 or 1l14 can be utilized or alternatively the provided with central lopenings through which the entire end portions of the sleeve 108 are extended I(not shown). Itis contemplated, however, that with the arrangement shown, heat transfer fnom the sleeve 108 to the adjacent insulators 22 and 24 will be minimized.

In this arnangement of the invention the cathode sleeve 108 is fabricated from a substantial percentage of a iissionable or alpha emitting material noted heretofore and desirably comprises uranium enriched to greater than 93 of its isotope U235. From the arrangement shown in FIG. 3, it will be obvious that considerably more fission able isotope can be employed therein lwithoutencountering self-shielding than is the case of the filamentary cathodes of FIGS. 1 and 2. Accordingly, the latter described neutron detector with its directly heated sleevetype cathode 106 is more lsensitive, to neutron llux, that is to say, to a neutron liuxfof lower density.

'In the application of the iissionable material to the cathodes `of -the neutron counters illustrated inlFIGS. l to 3., it is contemplated that the iissionable or alpha emitting material can be mixed intimately with the thermionic or electron-emissive cathode coatings 44, 102 or 110. When applied in this manner the oxide 'of oneor more of the aforementioned iission-able materials :desirably is employed. For example, in the case of uranium, the oxide (U02 or U3O2) can be mixed in` pulverulent form with the powdered thermionic oxides or carbonatos mentioned above. The U02 or U3O8 desirably is enriched to 90% or higher in the U235 isotope, based on uranium content of the oxide, in order to minimize the amount `of the uranium oxide component in the `corresponding cathode coating and when mixed with `one of the cathode `coatings 44, 102 or 110 `desirably `comprises about 20% thereof. `When the lissionable material is applied in this manner the cathode base, that is to say, the wires 74 and 104 and the cathode sleeve 1108, are fabricated from normal cathode materials, for example, nickel lor lone o-f the well-known nickel alloys used for this purpose.

Referring now to FIG. 4 of the drawings,l 4the exemplary form of the invention illustrated therein likewise employs some lof the components described in connection with FIGS. 1 and 3 where shown by identical reference characters. Thus, the neutronic detector of FIG. 4 includes thehousing 20, the anode 26, insulators 22 and 24 and associated components, all of which have been described previously. As in the case of FIG. 3, `the latter neutronic detector comprises a sleeve-type cathode similarly mounted concentrically of the anode 26 between the insulators 22 and 214. Upon the outer surface of sleeve 122 a thermionic cathode coating 124 is deposited. The cathode sleeve 122 desirably is composed of nickel or a cathode alloy alluded to Iabove upon the entire surface of the cathode sleeve 12,2. The neutronreactive material 126 in this example is plated in metallic Vform or applied electrophoretically Ias an oxide coating to the inner surface ofthe sleeve 122. It is contemplated also that the neutron-reactive material 126 can be applied internally of the sleeve 122 in; the form of a closely `fitting relatively thin cylinder. When the material 126 is ,applied internally ofthe cylinder 122 in the form of either a coating or plating of the aforementioned cylinder, `it is contemplated that the Wall ofthe cathode sleeve 122 be made as thin as practical in order to facilitate heat transfer from lthe neutron-reactive material to the extern-ally applied electron-emissive coating 124.4 Desirably the coating 126 comprises uranium enriched as aforesaid and alternatively U02 or U3O8 likewise enriched as noted above.

It is` also contemplated that the neutron-reactive material, as be'tterlshvown in FIG. 5 of the drawings, can be `applied to the external surface of the cathode sleeve 122 as shown by the coating 1,28. A layer or coating 130 of electron-emissive oxides is then applied to the outersurface of the iissionable coating 128.

In the -neutronic detector, as fillustrated in FIG. 6.1of .the drawings, which likewise employs several `of `the tween the insulators 22 and 'schematically therein.

components mentioned previously, the vdetector comprises the housing 20, the anode 26, and associated components. A sleeve-type cathode 132 is suspended be- 24k in concentric r-elation with the anode 26. Cathode 132 is supported inwardly of the anode 26y and comprises a supporting sleeve 134 upon theouter surface of which a thermonic coating 136 is deposited. The coating 136 is substantially coextensive with the length of the anode 26. The sleeve 134 in this example is fabricated from nickel :or a cathode nickel-` alloy while the vcoating 136 comprises the electron-emissive `oxides mentioned previously.

The emissive coating 136 is indirectly heated by a folded'wire 1318 serving as a heater 1 for the cathode sleeve`134. "The heater wire 138 is fabricated from one of the aforementioned neutron-reactive materials and desirably ffrom uranium enriched as aforesaid. Allthough the iissionable material can be inserted within the sleever v134m the dorm of a rod Aor a plurality of rods, a folded 'wire is desirable in order to minimize self-shielding in the iissionable material. This follows rfrom the fact that the wire heater 138 is of relatively small diameter.

In fabricating the various forms of the neutron counters disclosed herein it is contemplated ythat a material which yields alpha particles upon absorbing thermal neutrons can'be substituted for the iissionable material comprising the heat source of the neutron detector. \F or example, the iilamentary cathode support 74 or 100 (FIG. 1 or 2), the cathode sleeve 108 (FIG. 3), and the coating' 128 (FIG. ,5) can be fabricated from bonon enriched with a substantial percentage lof its isotope B10, for example, in the neighborhood of 90%. The isotope B reacts with impinging thermal neutrons to produce short-range alpha particles which in turn generate heat in the adjacent electron-emissive coating. In the remaining forms of the neutnon counter, the coating or cylinder 126 (FIG. 4) or the folded heater wire 138 (tFIG. 6) can be [fabricated 'from dithium, similanly enriched in its Lifi isotope, which emits a relatively longer range alpha particle upon absorption of thermal neutrons. It is apparent, then, 'i that av shout-range alpha emitter such as boron1 canbe mixed directly in puluerulent form with the electron-emissive coatings 44, 102 or 110 in the rtorms `of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, respectively. In the latter :form

l of' the invention the boron 'desirably is added in the form of its oxide B203` fin which the boron is enriched as aforesaid and which comprises approximately 25% of the electron-emissive coating.

When theneutron-reactive material, that is to say, the iissionable isotope or the alpha emitter, is mixed directly with the cathode coating, the oxide rform of the alpha emitter or of thessionable material is desirable, as aforesaid. These oxides usually can withstand elevated Itemperatures without vaporizin-g and contaminating adjacent particles of the electron-emissive oxides. Morelover, the neutron-reactive yoxides themselves are limited electron emitters at the operating temperatures of the cathode.

'Referring now to FIG. 7 tof the drawings, an illustrative [form of neutron switcher controlling circuit is shown The circuit is designed to operate, in Ithis example, with a neutronic detector 140 having the dimensions and compositions such as those described previously in connection with FIG. 2 of the drawings. The anode 142 of the detector is connected to the positive terminal of a preferably unidirectional source 144 of electric potential; the negative terminal of the source 144 is coupled through coil 146 of a relay y148 and through a cathode or loading resistance 150 to the cathiode 152 of the detector. When the detector 140 saturates at a predetermined neutron flux sufficient cur-rent flows through the circuit of FIG. 7 to operate therelay ,148. Contacts 152 are then closed to energize 'assof lciated circuitry designated by the reference numeral 154 an alarm,'or the flike. When the predetermined neutron iiux is selected at 5 1011 neutrons per cm2-sec., for example, a source 144 having a potential of 10` volts and .fa load resistance 150 `of 10,000 ohms are utilized. Under these conditions when the detector 140 begins to saturate :an :output current of approximately 0.5 'milliampere is oby rained which is sufficient to energize the relay 148 without the use off the amplifying circuitry usually required for conventional radiation detectors.

Referring now to FlG. 8 of the drawings the operation of the neutronicl detector particularly that illustrated in FIG. 2 is shown graphically. represents the output current of the detector 140 when employed with the circuit parameters vmentioned in connection with FIG. 7. The curve 156, then, represents current in milliamperes as plotted against neutronic ilux in neutrons per cm.2sec. The relay 148 yin this example is set 4to operate when the detector current reaches the point designated by the reference numeral 158.

To obtain the operating characteristic'of FIG. 8, the ilamentary support 104 of FIG. 2 is furnished in a diameter of less than 1.0 mm. and desirably 0.4 mm. and is fabricated from uranium with an enrichment in U235 upwards of 93%. This quantity of U235 when subjected to a flux of about 5 il011 thermal neutrons per cm2-sec., is sufficient to release through its ssioning atoms approximately 2 watts per cm2 in the cathode 152 (IFIG. 7). This power is suicient to raise the temperature vof lthe cathode to a point where a signicant thermionic emission is attained. As stated previously, ahlesser percentage enrichment can be utilized, but in thls case the enrichment is desirably as high as possible to minimize the overall sizeof the detector 140.

The detector can be made to saturate yat higher iluxes elther by decreasing the percentage enrichment of U235, by decreasing the potential of the source 144, or by increasing the load resistance 150. For example, with the c1rcuit of FIG. 7 the detector 1-40' can be made to saturate at 5 1014 neutrons per cm2-sec. by employing an enrichment of 19 In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 7 and with reference to the graph of FIG. 8, it is shown that the resistance of the detector is very high :for a thermal neutron iiux below l1011 neutrons per cm-sec. but becomes almost zero as the flux exceeds 5 X 1011 neutrons per cm?- sec. Since the resistance goes from very high to very low, th1s is equivalent to closing a switch and thus the c1rcuit arrangement of FIG. 7 is useful for control purposes as described previously.

It has been found that the aforementioned switchinU response 1s quite rapid. `In response to a sudden change 1n neutron flux where the density changes lfrom a point below 1011 to approximately 1011 neutrons per cm2-sec.,

the temperature begins to rise at about 4x10'1o C. per' sec. Thus, changes of about C., which are enough to saturate the detector, canoccur Within a few milliseconds. Smaller ux rises, of course, produce a slower response. v 1

The heating .effects of the neutron-reactive material employed in the neutronic detector, for example, that illustrated in FIGS. 2 'and 7 can be shown from the following calculations:

The number of ssions per sec. per cu. cm. in the `lament, assuming the filament is small enough to avoid self-shielding and is composed of substantially 100% of iissionable material, is given by the following relation- N 1rA The single curve 156y -sities are shown `6000 times. `in flux is not as `steep as that indicated above, and the `behavior approximates that of ordinaryfthermionic cath- 9 where:

N=the number of fissions p=density of the fissionable material cr=the fission cross section in barns =the neutronic flux in neutrons/cm-2-sec. A=the mass of the fssionable material where H :heat ow in Watts/cm.2 r=the radius of the filament 104 in cm.

Since the lament or cathode 96 is hot compared to its surroundings at its operating temperature, the heat flow through its surface may also be related to its temperature as follows:

where:

T=the temperature of the filament in K. =constant=5-7 10-12 watt/cm.2 K

`The indicated value of 0 refers to black body emission;

however, -for the usual thermionic oxide coated cathode, 0 is nearly correct. Equation 3 'reduces to:

`W-the Work function in electron volts and for-oxide coated cathodes `a Value of W mately correct.

`By substituting of 2 -volts is` approxithe expression for T in Equation 4 `into Equation 5, the following `relationship is obtained:

Solutions of Equation 6 `for variousneutronic flux denin the following table:

q (r/cm2-sec.) i amperes/cm2) From the results tabulatedabove, it is seen that for =3 109, i=107 while for 7b-:1010, z' increases about `In practice `the rise in current Withincrease odes for which a aise in input powerof a factor of two increases the cathode current -by a factory o-f ten.

The relationship embodied intEquation indicates that cathode temperature increases of about `100 C. double the current. An estimate ofthe time required for the temperature to'increase yby 100 C. when the neutronic `iiux is 10 suddenly increased is, therefore, pertinent. A relatively simple differential equation is involved when the change `in flux lis less than that required to increase the filament tempera-ture Iby about 10% or, in other Words, when the temperature rise of 100 C. is in the operating; temperature region of the filamentary cathode. The time required for the cathode temperature to change within "l/ e of the new or final temperature isfgiven by:

where:

T ozinitial temperature of filament in K tp=the thermal relaxation time Cv=the specific heat of the filament Time to double current= ZT/dt m where: AT=change in temperature of the filament, and T is given by the relationship:

Vwhere the lterms are -as defined previously.

Solving Equations 8 `and 9 and `assuming that the neutronic flux has jumped to 2.5 1012 from a previous level of less than 1011, it is found that in 6 milliseconds the cathode lcurrent will increase beyond the .5 rnilliampere necessary to operate the relay 148 of FIG. 7. In making `t-he foregoing calculations, it is assumed that the Childs- Langmuir relation for current flow from Ia space charge :limited cathode (z'=kV3/2) is applicable.

IFrom -the foregoing discussion, it will be obvious that novel and efiicientforms of an electronic discharge device adapted yfor detecting neutrons have been disclosed herein. It is to be understood that the descriptive material em- `ployed herein is intended to exemplify the invention and is not Ito be interpreted as limitative thereof. For example, it is contemplated that a bank of neutron detectors described herein, each having a different percentage enrichment of their fissionable or alpha emitting material, can be employed to meter neutronic density quantitatively by `.giving a successive indication of incremental changes in neutronic flux. Numerous embodiments of the invention, therefore, will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit Iand scope of Ithe invention.

Accordingly, 'Wh-at is claimed as new is:

l. A radiation detector comprising a hollow hou-sing, a pair of spaced confronting electrodes mounted within said housing, one of said electrodes bein-g an anode mounted adjacent said housing and the other of said electrodes being a cathode :mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode Icomprising Ia thermally responsive electron-emissive portion, and a quantity of neutron-reactive material disposed adjacent said portion and thermally coupled thereto, said material being capable of producing heat in said portion upon impingement of external neutrons.

2. A radiation detector comprising a hollow housing, a pair of spaced confronting electrodes mounted within said housing, one of said electrodes being an anode and the other of said electrodes .being ia cathode juxtaposed to said anode, said cathode comprising a thermally responsive electron-emissive portion, and a quantity of neutron-reactive material supported adjacent said portion in heat exchange relationship therewith, said material being `capable of producing heat in said portion upon impingematerialdeposited thereon deposited on said support and juxtaposed to vof producing -heatupon impingement of external neutrons and thermally coupled to said electron-emissive portion. 4. A radiation detector comprising ya hollow housing, an anode and a cathode spacedly disposed Within said housing, said cathode comprising an elongated filament supported concentrically of said anode, said iilarnent having la coating of thermally responsive electron-emissivc yand substantially coextending With said anode, land la neutron-reactive material capable of producing heat upon imp'ngementof external neutrons adrnixed with said coating, sive material is thermally coupled lto :said neutnon-reacj tive material.

5. A radiation detector comprising an enclosed housing, a spaced Ianode `and cathode, said anode `form-ing part of said housing, the remainder of `said housing including spaced insulating portions, said cathode being mounted Within said housing and secured -to said insulating portions, v port, a thermally responsive electron-erriissive coating said anode,

said cathode comprising a iilamentary supl whereby said electron-emisand a Vneutron-reactive material capable of producing heat v upon impingement of external neutrons thermally coupled to -said coating.

6. A radiation detector comprising an enclosed housing, an anode and la cathode spacedly mounted within said hou-sing, said cathode comprising `a tubular supporting sleeve, and la thermally responsive electron-ernissive coating deposited upon the cuter surface of said sleeve and juxtaposed to said anode, said sleeve being fabricated 'tf-rom ,a nennen-reactive material capble of producing heat upon impingement of external neutrons and disposed in heat exchange relationship with said coating.

7. A radiation detector comprising a hollow housing, a pair of .spaced electrodes mounted within said housing, said electrodes including :an anode ymounted adjacent said j housing, and a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising la `tubular supporting sleeve, a thermally responsive electr-on-emiss-ive coating deposited upon thek outer surface of said sleeve [and juxtaposed to said anode, and a quant-ity of neutron-reactive material capable of producing heat upon impingernent of external neutrons thermally coupled to said cmissive coating.

8. A radiation detector comprising a hollow housing,

va pair of spaced electrodes disposed within said housing,

said electrodes including an anode mounted adjacent said housing, :and a cathode mounted ,adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising la Itubular supporting sleeve, a thermally responsive electnon-emissive coating deposited upon the outer suit-ace ,of said sleeve `and juxtaposed to said anode, and ta closely iitting tubular member inserted within said sleeve, said tubular member including .a neutronareactive material capable or" producing heat upon impingement of external neutrons and thermally coupled to said coating.

9. Al radiation detector comprising a hollow housing, a pair of spaced electrodes disposed Asaid housing, said electrodes including Ian anode .mounted adjacent said housing, tand `a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising ya tubular supporting sleeve, 4a thermally responsive electron-emissive coating deposited upon the outer surface of said sleeve and juxtaposed to said anode, a multiiolded wire inserted within said sleeve and thermally coupled to said coating, said wir-e being fabrij cated from a neutron-reactive material capable of producing heat upon impi-ngement of external neutrons.

l0. A radiation detector comprising a hollow housing, ya pair of spaced confronting electrodes disposed within saidhousing, one of said electrodes being a tubular anode mounted ,adjacent said housing :and theother of said electrodes being a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising a thermal-ly responsive electronemissive section, a quantity of neunten-reactive material .supported tadjacentsaid section and thermally coupled thereto, said material being capable of producing heat in said'section upon impingernent of neutrons, said material including at least one isotope lwhich is iissionable upon absorption of external neutrons.

ll. A radiation detector comprising a hollow housing, a pair of :spaced contronting electrodes disposed within -said housing, one of said electrodes being a tubular anode mounted ladjacent said housing and the other. of said electrodes being -a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising a thermally responsive electron- ,emissive section, la quant-ity of neutron-reactive material supported adjacent said section in 'heat exchange relationtherewith, said material being capable `of* producing heat ins-aid section upon impingementof external v' neutrons, said mate-rial including an isotope lwhich emits alpha particles upon absorption of neutrons.

12. A radiation detector including a hollow housing, a pair of spaced electrodes disposed within said housing, one of said electrodes being an anode mounted adjacent said housing, the other of said electrodes being a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising a s-upport, a thermally responsive electron-emissive coating deposited on said support, said coating including a proportion of an oxide capable of producing heat upon impingement of external neutrons.

13. A radiation detector including a hollow housing, a pair of spaced electrodes disposed Within said housing, one

l lof said electrodes being an anode mounted adjacent said said housing, the other of said electrodes being 'a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising al support, a thermally responsive electron-emissive coating deposited on said support, saidl cathode in addition corn-` prising a quantity of uranium having lan enrichment in excess of of U23* and thermally coupled to said coating.V

15 A radiation detector including a hollow housing, a pair of spaced electrodes disposed within said housing, one

" of said electrodes being 1an anode mounted adjacent said housing, ther other of said electrodes being a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising a support, a thermally responsive electron-emissive coating deposited onsaid support, said cathode in addition comprising a quantity of boron having ya substantial enrichment in the B10 isotope and thermally coupledt'o said coating.

16. A radiation detector including a hollow housing, a pair of spaced electrodes disposed Within said housing,

one of said electrodes being an anode mounted adjacent said housing, the other of said electrodes being a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said'cathode comprising a support, a thermally responsive electron-emissive coating deposited on said support, said cathode including a quantityrof boron enriched in excess of 90% of the B10 isotope and thermally coupled to said coating,

17. A radiation detector comprising a hollow housing, a pair of spaced electrodes disposed within said housing, said electrodes including an anode mounted adjacent said housing, and a cathode mounted adjacent said anode, said cathode comprising la tubular supporting sleeveya thermally responsive electron-emissive coating deposited upon the outer surface of said sleeve and juxtaposed to said anode, and a ymultifolded Wire inserted Within said sleeve and thermally coupled to said coating, said wire being fabricated from a. neutron-reactive material capable of producing heat upon impingement of external neutrons and having a diameter of less than one millimeter to avoid self-shielding in said neutron-reactive material.

18. A radiation detector comprising an enclosed hous ing having an anode land a thermionic cathode spacedly juxtaposed therewithin, a radiation-respo`nsive material thermallycoupled to said cathode which causes said cathode to be `heated and therniionically to emit electrons upon impingement of said material with external radiation, and indicating means coupled to said anode and said cathode.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS `Beel: Aug. 20, 1935 2,588,789 Zinn Mar. ll, 1952 2,599,156 p `Bousrnan June 3, 1952 Y 2,666,157 p Gleason Ian. 12, 1954 '2,672,567 Alvarez Mar. 16, 1954 2,811,649 Atkins et al. Oct. 29, 1957 2,824,971 Weeks Feb. 25, 1958 2,845,560 `Curtis et al. July 29, 1958 2,867,727 i, Welker n Ian. 6, 1959 Lichtenstein Feb. 17, 1959 

18. A RADIATION DETECTOR COMPRISING AN ENCLOSED HOUSING HAVING AN ANODE AND A THERMIONIC CATHODE SPACEDLY JUXTAPOSED THEREWITHIN, A RADIATION-RESPONSIVE MATERIAL THERMALLY COUPLED TO SAID CATHODE WHICH CAUSES SAID CATHODE TO BE HEATED AND THERMIONICALLY TO EMIT ELECTRONS UPON IMPINGEMENT OF SAID MATERIAL WITH EXTERNAL RADIATION, AND INDICATING MEANS COUPLED TO SAID ANODE AND SAID CATHODE. 